Outline some of the key legislative developments in criminal justice Essay

Outline some of the key legislative developments in criminal justice within the last two decades - Essay Example An oft-heard justification is that you cannot treat hardened criminals with kid gloves or you will be perpetrating crime even further. But this argument has no regard for the fact that even hardened criminals are covered by the human rights guarantees in the Constitution and in human rights conventions. Human rights are inalienable and imprescriptible, and they apply to everyone. On the other hand, the desire to preserve society and prevent crime is equally valid. It would seem that society has been ill-equipped to come up with answers and solutions to address it definitively (Norrie, 1996). It is imperative however to disabuse oneself of the simplistic approach that is often used when analyzing crime rates. Many are wont to believe that a rise in crime rates signifies a social problem, and a decrease is something to be lauded. In fact, a rise in recorded crime rates could actually mean better police efficiency, a willingness of the victims to come forward, and a desire by society as a whole to condemn criminals. The significance of making this initial assertion is explained by Matthews (1995) as follows: Making this point at the outset is important for two reasons: First it helps to free us from the disarming grip of pessimism that is often associated with the assertion that increases in crime and inevitable and undesirable. Second, it reminds us that crime is a social construct and is the outcome of a complex process of action and reaction. Crime is reducible neither to an act or to a biography. Rather it is a process that requires both an offender and a victim - direct or indirect - to interact within a milieu of formal and informal constraints. The parliament is vested with the power to create laws that have coercive effect. It is essentially in their province to come up with regulations to maintain order and peaceful conduct in the society, while ensuring that a human rights framework is always in place. Over the past two decades, there has been a steady stream of legislation, marking the evolution of Criminal Justice as it is known in the present time. Indeed, the constant changes in the Criminal Justice Act reflects the constantly changing public mindsets on crime and its concomitant issues. The Criminal Justice Act of 1991 was introduced to reflect the notion of "just deserts", It also provided for some protections for the accused, in particular, a provision stating that past offenses should not be taken into consideration when sentencing a felon, except in certain circumstances. However, some feel that in practice, proportionality gives rise to many problems and within six months of being in force, the CJA 1991 was already being undermined. (Hudson, 1994). There are also those who perceive the XJA 1991 as a case of government valuing efficiency over democracy (Lacey, 1994). Said Windlesham (date): "Of all the lessons to be drawn the first is the way in which so many of the provisions which found their way into law derived from the perceived demands of local, sectional or national public opinion rather than from practical experience or

Industrial revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Industrial revolution - Essay Example Industrial revolution was not welcomed by every person, it left many people jobless. The living conditions of the poor and working class deteriorated and thus they were not comfortable with the changes that came with industrial revolution. The mechanization during this period meant that less human labor was required and most people were relieved of their duties. For example, the spinning jenny was developed that enabled mass production of spools of threads over a short period of time. The power loom was another machine that made the production of cloth easier. The other salient feature that marked the period of industrial revolution was the factory system. This saw different people specialize in different areas. There was also development in the field of agriculture where food was produced for a larger population that did not practice agriculture. Basically, the changes that took place during this period were in the fields of transportation through the use of steam operated locomotives, the development of factories that led to the division of labor and specialization, change in the political sphere to cater for the shift in economic power as well as the use of sophisticated

Ratio Analysis Essay Example for Free

Ratio Analysis Essay The aims and objectives of this report are to compare the two companies, Kingfisher Plc. and Home Retail Group Plc., using their annual report published for the year 2011. With the help of the financial statements, it will be possible to calculate different ratios that are relevant to the comparison between the two businesses. Through this comments can then be made on the performance of both companies for the year, stating some of the possible factors that could have made affected this. Comparison will be on a year-to-year basis and then between the two companies as a whole. When comparing two companies like Kingfisher and the Home Retail Group, there are a few limitations needed to be considered before this is possible. The first would be the different accounting policies that each corporation have chosen to adapt to their financial statements; this could be in regards of the depreciation or inventory valuation method used for the preparation of relevant statements. Another important point to note is that financial statements are based on historical information and therefore this would not be as objective to when we come to use them for the comparison. Expanding on this, the closing balances on the statement may make the ratios appear misleading when comparing the two companies for the period, i.e. seasonal sale boost; Christmas and New Year promotion. The main issue that should be considered is the date that they have published their account Kingfisher being 31st January 2011 and Home Retail Group at 28th February 2011. So it would not be possible to make a more accurate comparison, as the economic conditions may have changed for that one month Kingfisher did not trade. Although it would suggest comparing the two businesses is not ideal, the two companies are somewhat similar. Therefore this should make the approximation more accurate and thus the comparison more meaningful. Kingfisher PLC Kingfisher is a company that focuses on mainly offering its customers home improvements products for DIY and such likes. Its main retail brand in the UK is BQ with a market share of 14% and they are currently top of the market. They are also making a respectable breakthrough in France with their brands, Castorama and Brico Depot taking 21% of the market share with the top place. Moreover they have expanded to Germany, Turkey, Spain, China, Poland and Russia

Bmw overview and industry trends and issues

Bmw overview and industry trends and issues BMW (Bayerische Motoren Werke Group) is a one of the leading luxury carmakers European automobile industry. BMW was founded on March 7th 1916 by Franz Popp and Max Friz. BMW started out by making airplane engines for German army up until the end of WWI in 1918. BMW in this report will look at BMWs position in the European automobile industry and it will also analyse the marketing mix, Trends and issues in the industry. BMW based in the German state of Bavaria. BMW is creating and distributing a series of successful, premium-priced passenger cars and motorcycle. In 1928 BMW purchased their first car factory at Eisenach/Thuringia and with it, the license to build a small car call, Dixi. Also provides financial service to support worldwide sales and distribution of cars and motorcycles. In 2008 the company sold 1.2 million automobiles under its largest brand-the BMW. Trends and issue in the Industry: SWOT ANALYSIS My S.W.O.T analysis will define each of the Bayerische Motoren Werke (BMW) Companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strengths BMW group has luxury brands ranges MINI, Rolls-Royce and BMW its very popular car so its strengths of BMW. BMW current positions in market are very repudiated and loyal so company turnover and trading profit growth are also high. BMW is a reliable brand. BMW has a new technology and worlds leading premium quality of automobile manufacturer so its create good reputation of all the customer and company profit are high. BMW is a brand so everyone know that what is BMW so its good to launch a new product on market and earn to profit. Weaknesses BMW is brand so its know as a leading automobile company and very high prices so normal person has a perception that BMW prices are always high so they can affordable so its one of the BMW weaknesses. BMW are luxury cars manufacturer so its middle class people not affordable so this one also BMW weakness. Opportunities BMW image in market its good so if the new product launch its good for earning money and increase sales. BMW customer care service are good so if there any customer need any help and improved a cars so its will be consider to new other cars and launch it. BMW release a Miniseries car its successful in Europe and the US market so BMW continue with this success they offering a diesel version to be released and its really helpful to BMWs profile and brand value. So its good opportunity to release this model to other country. BMW Economy is growing by 2007 2.75 to 3.75 percent and then 2008 and 2009 its 2.5 to 3 percent so its mean more people purchasing BMWs so its good opportunities to cover the uk and other market. Threats BMW most of the model are oil and current condition are oil prices going high and high so its really one threats for the BMW so maybe they have to launch a Diesel model more than oil car model. Current situation and globalize market governments policies always changes so its one of the threats for BMW to due a tax rate and import and export his car model etc. BMW has to always know the current political issues and new legal polices so if the interest going high so its will directly effect to BMW cars. PEST ANALYSIS Political In this time budget, Gordon Brown penalize drivers of the eco-friendly cars. In budged he announced that heavy polluting cars would be higher rate of road tax  £210 a year. So its means BMW has to improved his car petrol engine so its performed longer as well as last longer life value. BMW has to always careful about launching new cars and give the proper safety equipments on it. For example BMW manufacture one of their car without any airbags that could be illegal so its they always checked all the cars and awarded that safe of the car. Economic If the interest rate going high its really effect to BMW and other company of sales and profit, its means that if the rate going high customer not buying a new cars and not investing any money. So that why BMW decrease the cars price and so not good for the BMW. Currents interest rate is 0.5% so its good for the customers to buy new cars. One of the most important point is unemployment, currents situation still many sector reseation period most of the people not doing any job so they not buy any luxury cars and any other item so its not good for BMW. Social: In current market day by day new fashion and life style will be change so its really hard to manage the customer need and what they wants so BMW always care of this which of the product customer really needs and market demand. Population also effect the BMW sales market, if the family size reducing that means they just saving a money and not buying any luxury cars and item so BMW has to control his model price and also look the customer needs. Technological: Technologies are more important factor to currents situation for BMW because all the other competitors using a new technology to give a better performance against to other company. And they improved the cars to new materials and developments. If the technologies will be increase its means BMW also promote his model through internet and other media so its really helpful increase sales and profit. Porters Five Forces Analysis Threats of new entry : In new company entering an automotive market a massive amount of capital is required. In automobile industry BMW brands are very loyal so any new customer trust to this company and buy a new car. But a new company launch in an automobile industry its really hard to manage customer and they needs. Power of buyers : In automobile industry most of the time prices are fixed. In this industry individual buyers are less power but a large buyer have a bargaining power to lower price level. BMW always buy a bulk not a single to its really help to buyers power. Power of suppliers : In BMW, powers of suppliers are low because of the high production. If the BMW switching the suppliers then it will be suppliers power will be high so automobile industry everyone doing a good relation to the suppliers so that the powers of suppliers are low and production of the company going high. Competitive rivalry : In automobile industry competitive rivalry is very high. Strong advertising and promotion brand make a different to the product. Its really easy to buy a new product to customer but its really hard to buy a suitable and good quality product. Substitution: Substitution are really affect the BMW sales because of the high price of model customer choose the same cars but a low prize on other company etc. Audi TT, Mercedes CLK who fulfill customer need. Marketing Objective BMW never publish its aim and objective because of the competition. But in my research I can find some statement the main aim would be: BMW increase sales growth in all criteria Profit maximization Growth into new market Meeting stakeholder needs Aim Objective Increase Sales Growth in all aspects of BMW Sales increase from 1.4million to 2 million by 2020. Motorbike sales increase from 100,000 to 150,000 by 2012 To raise its production capacity in China to 41,000 cars per year. Profit Maximization Increase efficiency by 3.3% in the production of cars Costs savings of  £1.6bn by 2012 without cutting jobs. Profit margins from BMWs automotive operations should exceed 8% by 2012, up from 6.3% in 2006, Growth into new markets Research in to new markets Meeting stakeholders needs BMWs share price has been slipping in recent months, so investors want it to find economies of scale and cut costs Cut average emissions by 25% by the end of 2008, in line with a voluntary industry agreement struck in 1998. www.bmw.com BMW has to improved sales and profit to consider this topic and work on it. Marketing strategy Segmentation BMW have to identify specific characteristics to improve the segmentation area. In this segmentation BMW has to look at this geographic, demographic, behavioral, and socioeconomic. Market segmentation provides guidelines for company to develop new marketing strategy and diverse product market. BMW three brands BMW, Mini and Rolls-Royce clearly focuses on international market. Geographic: In geographical segmentation divided on district, country, village, state, regions. BMW has to choose one particular geographic sector and concentrate on them. Because of the company launce a new product in new area its really hard to increase the demand but its easy to sale on old sector. So BMW will have to chances of generating profit and gaining market share in specific market. Geographically, BMW main markets are Europe and North America both are heavily manufacturing and residents are situated to buy upper market. Demographics: In this demographics segmentation divide the market into personal characteristics such as: age and family life cycle, Gender and income, race, nationality and generation also include. So BMW has to target to particular market to sell their products. Demographics segmentation is the easiest way to measure the market. Age and family life cycle: customer needs always change to grow and his life style status change so its company has to decide which product are better for particular age and their life style. Gender: BMW has to always include this point to launch a new product because of the particular area and gender its really help to BMW to increase the sale. Targeting: BMW using a particular target specific automobile market, it means different people and BMW give the different cars sector so its really help to customer find a his needs and budget cars. BMW divided the different section of the cars to customer demand. Sports convertible (Z3, 3 series and Z4), Executive (3 series, 5 series) super executive (7 series), Touring/Estate (3 series, 5 series), Grand Tourers (Z5), Super sports (M series) and 4X4 (X5). This all model BMW launce a different sector and customer needs. Positioning: BMW image has a very high to luxury cars, performance, technologically advanced, good quality this are the main factor, so BMW has a good positioning in automobile industry. Its good for the BMW because of the new company launch a same cars and cheap price but never effect to BMW sales. BMW compete to Mercedes, jaguar, Audi, Lexus so its really difficult to manage cars quality and marketing strategy. The positioning of the companies and their brands has been build up over many year sales and customer satisfaction. Evaluate and Marketing Mix Marketing mix under for heading often referred to as the 4 Ps: Product, Price, Promotions and Place. Marketing mix is really good important elements of a company plan. So BMW has to consider this point in to his strategy. Product : The Most important elements in the marketing mix is company product, because this provides the useful to know customer requirements. BMW have to develop their product into the brand that helps to create a good position on customer mind. If the BMW brand are superiority leads its help to high sales, and give the BMW power the premium price. BMW products are very high performance, technologically advanced and luxuries. This will be start middle to prestigious card. The present models are: BMW 3 Series   Sedan, Coupe, Convertible, Touring, Compact BMW 5 Series   Sedan, Touring BMW 6 Series Coupe, Convertible BMW 7 Series   Sedan BMW Z4 Roadster BMW X3 SUV BMW X5 SUV BMW M -Convertible, Coupe Mini Cooper   an independent brand within the BMW Group Rolls-Royce According to GM of BMW the management of products and brand is a key factor in marketing success. www.bmw.com Vehicle Production 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 % Change BMW 1,059,978 1,122,308 1,179,317 1,302,774 1,203,482 1,043,829 -13.3 MINI 189,492 200,119 186,674 237,700 235,019 213,670 -9.1 Rolls-Royce 875 692 847 1,029 1,417 918 -35.2 Motorcycles * 93,836 92,012 103,759 104,396 104,220 82,631 -20.7 * from 2006 including BMW G650 X assembly by Piaggio S.p.A., excluding Husgvarna Motorcycles (14,232 motorcycles)   BMW Group deliveries to customer 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 % Change BMW 1,023,583 1,126,768 1,185,088 1,276,793 1,202,239 1,068,770 -11.1 MINI 184,357 200,428 188,077 222,875 232,425 216,538 -6.8 Rolls-Royce 792 796 805 1,010 1,212 1,002 -17.3 Motorcycles ** 92,266 97,474 100,064 102,467 101,685 87,300 -14.1 ** excluding Husqvarna Motorcycles (13,052 motorcycles).   BMW Group deliveries of automobiles* by region and market (in 1,000 units) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Germany 283.6 295.9 287.7 280.9 280.9 267.5 Rest of Europe 299.7 350.8 375.0 443.6 432.2 357.3 Northern America 315.9 329.0 337.4 364.0 331.8 271.0 United Kingdom 145.3 156.2 154.1 173.8 151.5 137.1 Asia 106.4 125.7 142.1 159.5 165.7 183.1 Other Markets 57.9 70.4 77.7 78.9 73.8 70.3 http://www.bmweducation.co.uk/coFacts/view.asp?docID=73 In BMW product life cycle main points are Introduction, Growth, Maturity, and Decline. So its true that new product has to pass all the product life cycle factors. BMW knows as good brands so it not very difficult to launch a new product in the market and also BMW international represented so all over the world. In 2010 BMW launce a new series 7 and 8 so every product has to pass on this life cycle its depend on customer demand and market strategy that how product work and what is the sales and profit. Introduction: BMW new series are straggling on introductory periods because of the customer not knows the cars feature and price and compare to other product. Starting point there is no competition and also low scale volume of product. Its really hard to create a demand of new product and BMW always launch luxury cars so its to high cost so starting point company has to lose some money. Growth: BMW new series its growing periods demand already increase and company make money so its good to for the profit also. If the cars market going high the BMW share also high. Growth periods is competitors also entry the market so BMW has to control price and technology. BMW launch a MINI brand in Europe and other markets and its really high-performance in 2002, BMW sale more than 144,000 Mini brand cars on particular periods. Maturity: In this periods most of the product are common periods and all prices are same and feature also same. In Maturity periods production cost and manufacturing cost are low and profit are also normal so its really good for company. BMW has to good competition market on this maturity periods. Decline: In this stage BMW product demand will be going down so its company due to new product launch and replace the old one. In this stage company give the discount and sales his cars so its lose for the company. BMW is a one of the luxury brands and its popular for cars in automobile industry. BMW customer sector are upper and middle class people and price rate are also premium. BMW is a brand so most of the people like to buy and BMW use a new technology and give the customer needs. Price: The price strategy has been used to BMW and other company competition. BMW is series market based around the same price. In automobile industry is large and production cost are not so important but creating the large profit is not a necessary as it would be a smaller company. In automobile Industry BMW compare with other competitors same market: **Prices are in US Dollars Models (From) Lowest price** (To) Highest price** 3 Series Sedan $29,850 $36,950 Coupe $30,500 $36,800 Convertible $37,800 $44,100 Touring $30,800 $32,550 Compact $28,100 $35,200 5 Series Sedan $39,800 $58,300 6 Series Coupe $69,300 $72,200 Convertible $76,300 $78,900 7 Series Sedan $69,300 $117,200 X3 (SUV) $30,300 $36,300 X5 (SUV) $40,800 $69,800 M Series Coupe $47,100 Convertible $55,600 Z4 (Roadster) $33,600 $40,900 Mini Cooper Rolls-Royce www.bmweduction.co.uk/companyfacts/competitors/fact1.shtm BMW has to always think about prices of the product because if the price will be high to other competitors demand will be down so its very difficult to manage price and everything will be covered. Promotion: BMW using advertising most obviously as promotion techniques, advertising has always focused on entirely on their cars with same advertising company. BMW always using advertising like media, TV, Magazine and other sources, so its really useful to new cars launches. In 2002 BMW branding campaigns use first radio for a national advertising. BMW was worked advertising agency WCRS since 1979 to develop adverts for BMW cars. BMW also use online advertising so in current situation its really help to customer find a new cars feature in online and know the price and how to get it. So advertising its really help to BMW sales. Place: Selecting a proper Place its really hard decisions for the company and particular target market. BMW has to distribution system performs logistical, transactional and facilitating. Function. BMW has to improved to select a proper place to going a business because its seems that more places your product is available, so more money youll get. BMW give a dealerships on every street but its selected areas and target market. So its really helpful decision to take a good place for the company. BMW always used one level distribution this is where it comes from the manufactures to independent dealers who then sell to the consumers. Its shows that BMW using one level of distribution so its good for BMW to contact to direct customer and know what the customer need. Recommendations: BMW cars navigation system are quite complex so its really improved to new cars. If BMW increase navigation system then its his car value must be high. BMW launch new six gas cylinder vehicle but its will be give low mileage. So BMW has to do any work on this problem and use the proper technology and improved the cars mileage. A BMW car has a limited cargo space compare to other competitors car. So BMW has to work on it and improved a new cars and then launch. Most of the customer has a perception that BMW cars are always high prices so its bad for BMW sales and profit. So BMW has to advertised and give the proper cars feature and price to customer and other media so he knows that which cars better for and what is the feature. Conclusion: BMW group has a good brand value so its really more opportunities and wide production plants and high technology give the more cars sales and increase the BMW profits. BMW is currents luxury car manufacturing companies so its brand value are very high. In currents situation cars are very important and primary transport to society. BMW earn more profit from the increasing a sales to high quality of cars and good service. BMW are loyal to the customer so they like to buy a new car. BMW group has a high standard production and efficient managements. Its future depends on the external environments and internal activities.

Eva Smith in An Inspector Calls :: An Inspector Calls J.B. Priestley Plays Essays

Eva Smith in An Inspector Calls Do you agree that Eva Smith is presented as a victim in the play ‘An Inspector Calls’? How does J.B Priestly use the Inspector to make the Birling family aware of their responsibilities to individuals such as Eva Smith and how successful is he? When Eva Smith is presented to the audience by the Inspector, she is immediately shown to be the victim of the play. The Inspector highlights and describes how each of the members of the Birling family has used Eva Smith. The Inspector shows that each character has victimised her and that each of them has a part to play and a partly responsible for her death. The Inspector soon shows us that he thinks she is a victim as he describes her as â€Å"A pretty, lively sort of girl, who never did anybody any harm.† The Inspector tries to make each family member, including Gerald Croft, guilty for how they have treated Eva Smith. ‘An Inspector Calls’ is a play all about the social attitudes of the time. The play shows the attitudes of high class people such as the Birlings and how they see other members of the community. The Birlings are a rich family and they don’t feel that they should care for other people. They think that they should only be responsible for themselves and there family and not get involved with helping less well off people. Mr Birling put it that â€Å"if we were all responsible for everything that happened to everybody†¦it would be very awkward†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The play shows how Eva Smith is a victim of the attitude of society in 1912. It shows how hard it was for her as she was young, had no family and was unemployed, meaning she had no income to provide for herself. The play shows how some women were forced to beg charities for help to survive or how some young women were even forced into prostitution to provide themselves money to live on. The play highlights the bad way in which women, in a position similar to Eva Smith’s, were treated at that time by society, especially wealthy members of the public with high social statuses such as the Birlings. The Inspector targets each member of the Birling family and shows how they, as individuals, victimised Eva Smith and made her life harder. The Inspector firstly shows how Mr Birling treated her. Mr Birling is the father of the family and has a high status in the community. Mr Birling is a successful business man. He is involved in local politics and is hoping to be given a knighthood.

American Industrialization Essay -- American History

Between 1865 and 1920, industrialization caused significant changes in many people’s lives. First, the development of a new railroad system help settle the west and made it more accessible to people. Second, public transit systems in big cities provided an outlet from congested cities. Last, the discovery of a method for transmitting electricity helped to light up our daily lives. I feel that these are three of the most important changes in people’s lives caused by industrialization. First, the building of railroads out west played a huge part in the successful expansion of our country and the fulfillment of American dreams. Priot to the development of a more efficient railroad system, the movement of people and freight were relatively slow, difficult, and costly. Because of different rail gauges, sometimes freight had to be unloaded and then reloaded on boxcars. Second, most goods had to be produced and provided locally on a small scale. As a result, prices for products were very high. Nevertheless, with the help of federal grants, railroad promoters were able to build a more efficient railroad system that would connect the settled east with the unsettled west. After the completion of the new railroads system, farmers were in reasonable distance of railroad depots, which meant manufacturers could locate their plants anywhere and be able to bring in raw materials and send their products wherever they could find customers. Also, freight and passengers could travel by rai...

Spring Days Ahead

Spring is a magical season for me. I love the sound of birds chirping, the smell of rain in the air, and the vibrant colors of the flowers starting to bloom. It awakens the senses. The winter cold is gone, yet the unbearable heat and humidity of summer in the south has yet to arrive. I love that daylight savings time puts an end to the long dark evening hours of winter. The phrase â€Å"spring forward† is a reminder to set our clocks ahead one hour during spring. Springing forward is what the season is all about and what I look forward to the most. The increased sunlight and ability to spend more time outdoors brings a new outlook on life and lifts my spirits. My husband and I become rejuvenated as we begin to get outdoors more and take pride in renewing our home and yard. Whether it is a small project, such as giving the front door a fresh coat of paint, or starting a garden, we look forward to it with excitement. Spring has been called â€Å"the season of growth† and it is when I start a new vegetable and flower garden each year. There is nothing better than freshly picked vegetables from my garden. The vegetables are free from pesticides and provide a healthy snack for our family. The smell of fresh cut flowers in a pretty vase on my kitchen table reminds me of the small pleasures in life. The beautiful colors of the flower garden help bring color and vibrancy to the world. Spring is a busy time of the year for my family. Spring brings on a fresh round of taking the children to school, sporting events, and birthday parties. Trying to keep up with two young children can be exhausting. The occasional spring rainstorm provides a welcome relief from all this activity and gives me a badly needed break. There is nothing better than curling up on the couch with a good book, listening to the rain beat upon the roof, and enjoying the feeling of not being rushed to get somewhere. Spring is my favorite season. New color and life appear in the world. The long dark nights of winter are behind us. Everyone and everything is filled with a new sense of urgency and vibrancy. Others prefer the oppressive heat of summer, the dark cold of winter, and the dreary days of fall, but I will take spring over them all.